Facelift

Seemed like time for a face lift here at the ole blog.  I hope the changes find favor with you and that you can still find your way around okay.  The primary purpose for the face lift was to improve readability.

PEER = Public Employees FOR WHAT?!

PEER is at it again — campaigning to keep tribal employees from the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes (CSKT) from working alongside federal employees at The National Bison Range, located on the Flathead Reservation.

The co-management and annual funding agreement (AFA) entered into by US Fish & Wildlife Services and CSKT is in keeping with the 1994 Tribal Self Governance Act.

“The Act provides qualified self-governing tribes who demonstrate a significant cultural, geographic, and historical connection to facilities managed by the Department of the Interior with the opportunity to assume certain programs, services, functions, and activities at those facilities, including units of the National Wildlife Refuge System.”

Where is the National Bison Range located?
On the Flathead Reservation of the CSKT.

What are the historical originals of the bison herd at the National Bison Range?
In 1874, Samuel Walking Coyote, a Pend d’Oreille of the Flathead Indian Reservation, returned from a winter spent with the Blackfeet with two bull and two cow bison.  In 1909, some of the descendants of those bison were among the first bison to arrive at the newly established National Bison Range, having been purchased from Louise Corville, he widow of Charles Allard, who, along with Michel Pablo, purchased bison from Walking Coyote.

I think the criteria for “significant cultural, geographic, and historical connection” is more than met.

PEER has made an annual event of making attempts to thwart any tribal involvement in the management of the National Bison Range. In the past they’ve accused CSKT employees of poor fence maintenance and weed abatement. Yet tribal employees had only been at work a few months when those accusations were leveled and the fences didn’t come to be in a state of poor maintenance in a few months and the spread of weeds had been taking place over years.

Yesterday’s Missoulian quoted Jeff Ruch, the executive director of PEER,

“One of the main concerns is that the CSKT, as a sovereign nation, may feel no need to be accountable once the federal check clears,” Ruch said.

As I said yesterday, what I see in that statement is bigotry and ignorance. He is predicting dishonorable behavior on the part of CSKT — that they’ll take the money and run. I would very much like him to answer on what precedent he makes that prediction. I think his statement is based on racial bigotry and prejudicial stereotyping of the “cheating Indian.” I find it offensive in the extreme and would think that anyone who does not practice racial bigotry would find it likewise.

Furthermore, it is based on a false premise — that CSKT is receiving a check. In fact, CSKT provides funding for the management of the National Bison Range in that it provides employees on CSKT payroll. They aren’t receiving anything, they are contributing.

I think it is well established that ENVIRONMENTAL concerns are not what drives PEER. But to address anyone deceived into thinking that PEER’s combative stance with CSKT is based on environmental concerns, I present this:

“CSKT is a leader in environmental protection and conservation. CSKT is the first tribe in the U.S. to estab­lish a designated wilderness area; manages large herds of wild elk and bighorn sheep and oversees hunting and fishing programs on the Reservation for both Indians and non-Indians; administers a comprehensive mitigation program to offset the impacts of local hydropower operations on fish and wildlife resources; and, has for two decades partnered with the Service to conduct migratory waterfowl surveys and rebuild regional Canada goose populations.”

Perhaps PEER should change what those letters stand for. “Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility” just doesn’t ring true. Perhaps “Public Employees for Exclusive Reign” would be more appropriate.

PEER Back to Sour Grape Turf Wars at the National Bison Range

http://www.missoulian.com/news/local/article_43d44b54-21c3-11df-bf39-001cc4c002e0.html?mode=story

“One of the main concerns is that the CSKT, as a sovereign nation, may feel no need to be accountable once the federal check clears,” Ruch said. “If this Bison Range arrangement is an experiment, then that is all the more reason why it should be monitored closely.”

The words of a bigot. The words are formulaic for negative prejudiced stereotypes about American Indians. Furthermore, his words demonstrate his ignorance about the co-funding agreement.

More sour grapes turf wars by PEER. I guess they’re going to make it an annual event, eh?

I’ll write more on this topic very soon.

Noisy noontime at Maclay Flats

It’s time to for me to get back into the swing of taking lunchtime walks.  So, today I visited Maclay Flats at lunch.  Noisy place.  Northern flickers were singing and drumming.  Pileated woodpeckers were singing and drumming.  Almost felt springlike… But, let’s not get ahead of ourselves. Despite a lack of snow on the ground and spring-like rain and daytime temps it is still the middle of winter.

I also saw a downy woodpecker busy hunting — less noisy than the flickers and pileated woodpeckers, but still a bit noisy.

Noisiest of all, however, was a magpie convention.  I know not what the issue under discussion was, but it was a most raucous debate. Perhaps they, too, are debating health care reform and are considering how the election of Scott Brown changes the landscape. Oh, yeah… Mapgies, no doubt, have other matters to keep them occupied.

And, it was time for me to return to my occupation…

When I set out the morning fog was still laying thick over Missoula Valley.  By the time I was headed back to work the fog was breaking up and the mountains that enclose the Missoula Valley were peeking through.

Peek-a-boo

Just Not Meant To Be

Perhaps the backers of the proposed Bitterroot Resort will come to the conclusion it’s just not meant to be. Here’s hoping!

Those of us opposed to the leasing of National Forest land on Lolo Peak to the Bitterroot Resort for development of a “premier” ski area and golf community cite a catalog of concerns on which we base our opposition: environmental, impact on the local community, access issues, water rights issues, etc (see the Friends of Lolo Peak website for more discussion of such issues). Proponents of the idea have consistently cited benefits to the local economy, an argument of which I’ve been skeptical of, as the reason to support the proposal.

Back on April 13, I first read of creditors placing liens against the property for non-payment and wondered if those contractors who have had to place property liens due to non-payment on the part of the Bitterroot Resort for services rendered by those companies are feeling the “economic benefit”?

Maclay originally sought permission to use 11,000 acres of the Lolo and Bitterroot national forests above 3,000 acres of his own property. After five subsequent drafts, the plan most recently called for 212 acres of gladed skiing, 766 acres of Nordic skiing, 585 acres of guided ski touring and 1,461 acres of mountain bike trails. Maclay also proposed building up to 2,700 homes and a golf course on his own land below Carlton Ridge.

Stevensville District Ranger Dan Ritter said he’d been waiting since December 2008 for updated financial information from Maclay in order to continue work on a U.S. Forest Service special use permit for the project.

source>>  http://www.missoulian.com/news/local/article_51c32b20-b3ca-11de-b274-001cc4c002e0.html

Bitterroot Resort (Maclay and his partners) haven’t kept faith with creditors, I don’t trust them to keep faith with the property owners of the land he wants to commercialize.  That’s you and me.

Waiting for 10 months for updated financial information?  We can’t allow an operation that can’t “get it together” to develop National Forest lands.

I hope these foreclosures are the nail in the coffin of the proposed Bitterroot Resort.  I’m sorry the creditors got stiffed but I’m glad that it could mean the end of the proposal.

Look What the Weather Blew In



Look What the Weather Blew In, originally uploaded by BigSkyKatie.

We abruptly went from summer temperatures to winter temparatures overnight a few days ago. My feeders have been busy since and I’ve been pleased to have an irruption of evening grosbeaks visit for the first time in a year or more.

This is one of the males.

Old Friends



Old Friends, originally uploaded by BigSkyKatie.

Officially retired, but not yet discarded. I put them in the garbage today and took them back out. We’ve been together for too many adventures…

Our day at Granite Park Chalet & the hike out via The Loop

**  If you haven’t already, you should read the first installment of this trip report first — scroll down to the previous post.

I woke pre-dawn on Monday morning. Nature called. My feet objected to movement but the trip was necessary. As I was walking to the outhouse, a frozen rain drop, blown out of a tree by the fierce wind, was driven into my ear canal. Good morning!

On my way back to our cabin room I looked around to see if there was any point in getting the camera out for sunrise. It was obvious there would be no sunrise this morning. The world was gray. We were surrounded by low-lying clouds with no view of the sky. There being no point, then, in staying up, I returned to bed to sleep in.

I got up the second time around 8:30 and joined Matt, who had risen a little before, in the Chalet dining room for a breakfast of Cup of Noodles (it was hot and that’s all that mattered) followed by huckleberry flavored coffee and a Montana Monster Cookie.

Our original plan for Monday was a hike to the Grinnell Glacier Overlook. My feet were in no shape for that. Matt considered joining another couple if the weather cleared enough for viewing of the glacier to be possible. In the mean time, we sat at one of the trestle tables next to a window and played cribbage as we watched the storms blow past. Matt beat me 6 games to 2 (the first 2 games up resulting from a skunk).

IMG_5138 - edit

IMG_5233 - edit

The mercury hit a high of 34 degrees Fahrenheit that day, but that doesn’t account for wind chill. The wind was blowing steady all day and gusting to about 25 Mph at times. I don’t know what the wind chill factor was but I’ll hazard a guess that it was around 15-20 degrees Fahrenheit.

IMG_5147 - edit

IMG_5140 - edit

IMG_5220 - edit

Though it was early in the day, still before noon, some hikers had arrived via both The Loop Trail and the Highline Trail and warmed their chilled fingers at the wood fire.

IMG_5153 - edit

As the afternoon wore on we watched a griz sow with two cubs about half a mile up the Highline Trail — between the Chalet and the junction with the Grinnell Glacier Overlook Trail. They were on and off the trail for hours. We could watch as hikers approached and passed them, some aware of the bears, others unaware. As the trio continued to linger on the trail the Rangers decided the situation was too hazardous and went out to haze the family further away from the trail, shooting them with rubber bullets.

The wind and snow increased in the afternoon, reducing visibility. The couple that Matt had considered joining on a trip to the Grinnell Glacier Overlook gave up after their third attempt in wind blown wet snow and zero visibility.

More hikers arrived as the afternoon wore on and dried their weather soaked clothes and shared stories at the wood fire.

IMG_5199 - edit

I recovered a little bit of pride by beating Matt in a game of Scrabble while munching on a huckleberry chocolate bar and sipping huckleberry hot chocolate (bit of a theme here) by a hundred or so points. That has to equal a skunk in cribbage, right?

At day’s end there was still too much cloud cover for a sunset but there was a bit of break in the clouds looking south…

IMG_5302 - edit

… and a lightening of the clouds to the west.

IMG_5278 - edit

There was some hope for sun for the hike out on Tuesday.

I want to put in a few words for the concessionaire running the Granite Park Chalet — Belton Chalets.

The staff working the chalet over our visit, Clayton, Joan and Laurie, were hospitable, friendly, and conscientious. They helped all of the hikers who passed through as well as those of us spending a night or two feel comfortable and welcome. I also noted with much appreciation and great approval the great many Montana made food and drink items offered for sale at the Chalet — Montana made huckleberry flavored coffee, Montana made huckleberry hot chocolate, Montana made huckleberry chocolate Dream Bars, Montana made Monster Cookies, Montana made Happy Hiker Granola, etc.

It was colder in the cabin room that night. I ended up putting chemical hand/foot warmers in my wool socks to keep my toes from freezing. Burrrr!

Tuesday morning we breakfasted on Cup of Noodle soup (again) before loading up our packs with all of the excess food we had pre-ordered. Then we donned our poor weather gear and got ready to hit the trail…

IMG_5357 - edit

… and bid goodbye to the Granite Park Chalet.

IMG_5358 - edit

Again, Matt led the way.

IMG_5359 - edit

Low lying clouds obscured the mountain tops and threatened snow or rain, but none fell on us and soon we were stripping off our outer layers of clothing.

IMG_5363 - edit

The Chalet quickly dwindled in the distance as we trekked fairly quickly down the steep slope.

IMG_5367 - edit

Just about a mile or so down the trail, Matt, walking about 15 yards ahead of me, rounded a corner and came face to face with a bear about 15-20 feet ahead of him on the trail. He yelled “Bear!” and carefully but quickly walked backward to me. I had the bear spray in hand with safety off immediately. I asked how far away it was and was surprised to hear how close it was. We spoke loudly for a couple minutes, unable to see if it was moving or not around that blind corner. We let out a few more shouts and blew loudly on our whistle. I yelled out, “Hello, bear! My name is Katie. What’s yours?” (old inside joke — Buck, at least, should get it). No answer. I took that to mean the trail was clear. We cautiously made our way around the corner. The foliage was thick enough that the bear could have been four feet off the trail and we wouldn’t see him and, in any event, we didn’t see him again.

Walking downhill didn’t rub my sore heels much, so, despite the fact that the thick moleskin a day hiking nurse had kindly gifted me with had immediately slipped out of place (remember to pack duct tape next time!), the pain in my feet was slight enough for me to enjoy the hike.

IMG_5370 - edit

As we continued down the trail we came to the area burned in the fires of 2003.

IMG_5380 - edit

IMG_5374 = edit

The sun was shining on us but storms loomed further is the distance making for some dramatic lighting as the bleached skeletons of burned alpine firs stood sentinel along the trail.

Sentinels

The rain and snow were passing us by, the sun was shining on us, it was a beautiful day.

I’ll mention, though, that the trail is steep and rough and folks with poor knees might do well to avoid traveling it downhill (and it would be a lung buster going uphill).

IMG_5409 - edit

IMG_5407 - edit

We encountered a few other parties of hikers going both directions on the trail and let all that were headed the opposite direction know to make lots of noise as there was a bear in the vicinity.

We yielded the trail to two NPS mule strings hauling linens and propane to the Chalet and, presumably, Ranger Station and Fire Lookout, and retrieving food as the Chalet was being closed for the season this day.

IMG_5403 - edit

From what we understand, the trio hiking about 200 yards ahead of us yielded to the wrong side (the uphill side) and one of the mules in the lead train got spooked and broke free of the string. That mule was still loose and walking between the two strings and still a bit skittish when they passed us.

It was a fairly fast trip out and soon we had arrived at our car for the drive home. My knees were feeling the steep trail by that time and my feet were grateful to be out of the boots. We drove to Drummond to meet my mom, aunt and cousins to retrieve Bridger from them and Matt enjoyed a rum and Pepsi at The Canyon bar while we waited.

It was a great trip (despite blisters and blizzards) and we look forward to repeating it. We’d like to make it an annual or semi-annual tradition.

My boots have been officially retired. They were good friends for many years and served admirably over many hikes but they’ve given their all and are no longer fit for duty.

Next time we’d like to go in July when the bear grass is flowering. Here’s hoping that the weather is clear enough to allow viewing of the Grinnell Glacier next time!

Hiking the Highline Trail to Granite Park Chalet – Glacier NP

On Sunday, Sept 6,  Matt and I hiked the Highline Trail of Glacier National Park to spend two nights at the Granite Park Chalet. We hit the trail at 2:30 on a cold, windy and rainy afternoon.  It was not an auspicious start to the journey.  We were definitely glad that we had decided not to force our eight year old son to go after seeing a forecast for 3 days of inclement weather (rain, snow and 20mph winds forecast).  While it would have been doable, it might have put him off hiking for life.

The Highline Trail begins across Going to the Sun Road from the parking lot for the Logan Pass Visitor Center. At the very beginning the trail goes gently downhill, allowing hikers to get “warmed up” and enjoy the view.  After a few hundred yards the trail gets more rugged as it is a ledge on the cliff of the Garden Wall.  Along this stretch the Park Service has bolted a cable to the cliff wall encased in garden hose to provide a hand rail of sorts.
IMG_4845 - edit

After this section of trail, the landscape opens up a bit, though we couldn’t see a whole lot of it on this day due to passing storm clouds.
IMG_4846 - edit

In fact, from reading other descriptions of this trail, I believe that Haystack Butte is usually visible to the hiker at this point.  It did not become visible to us for some time. Haystack Butte is a handy landmark for a hiker.  As one passes “behind” it, one reaches the 3.4 mile mark of this 7.6 mile hike.  If one has no means by which to gauge distance traveled (as we did not), the mileage of landmarks is a way by which to measure progress.

By the time we had traveled perhaps a mile and a half, I told Matt I needed to stop and check IMG_5444 - editon my heels and see if I could get a bandaid on to prevent blisters from getting worse (didn’t have any moleskin – a mistake I won’t make again).  Upon removing my boots, I found that it was too late for blister prevention.  I already had open blisters that seemed to be, at that moment, about as big as Butte’s Berkely Pit.   Well, I guess it’s time to replace my 5 years old and beyond worn out hiking boots…  Hindsight 20/20.    In the mean time, I had about 10 miles left to go of this trip — 6 on this day and 4 more on Tuesday.  Matt did offer that we could bag it, but we had both been so looking forward to this trip for months.  Mind over matter…  On we went.

IMG_4864 - edit

We’ve enjoyed a rather wet summer.  The huckleberry crop this year is fantastic.  Other wildflowers, often dried up by this time of the year, were still abundant.  Among them were gallardia (pictured below), sulfur buckwheat, showy fleabane, heartleaf arnica, even a few paintbrush.  The ferns to be found in Glacier National Park testify to the fact that this region receives far more precipitation than neighboring country.

IMG_4862 - edit Speaking of huckleberries, we also definitively observed the answer to the age-old question: a bear shits in the woods ONLY if a trail is not available. “What does that have to do with huckeleberries?” you might ask if you are among the “uninitiated.” Well… during huck season bear scat is purple huckleberry splatter (containing seemingly whole berries).  It’s a rare stretch of trail that isn’t so “decorated.”

As we slowly approached Haystack Butte we could see white dots up on the mountains that the use of binoculars confirmed to be mountain goats.  At about 2 miles we encountered our first close wildlife of the trip  — a bachelor group of bighorn rams right on the trail.  The group was comprised of mature rams, a couple with broomed horns, some “middle-agers” and also some youngsters.  By the time we had reached them they had moved about 25-30 yards off the trail. IMG_4888 - edit

As we continued on across the open park before Haystack Butte, I enjoyed looking back to see Mount Oberlin and Mount Cannon becoming more distant with each step of progress I took on my painful blisters.

Far Over the Misty Mountains Cold... Mount Reynolds, similarly, began to dwindle in the distance.

IMG_4925 - edit Low flying wind whipped clouds continued to obscure the mountain tops and brought to mind the dwarves’ song from The Hobbit, “far over the Misty Mountains cold…”

IMG_4943 - edit As we walked through and past slides of jumbled rock I’d hear, and occasionally catch a glimpse of, a pika. Unfortunately, none of them wanted to be photo models. This ground squirrel was far more cooperative.

IMG_4948 - edit

At long last (remember, each step I took was painful) we had put Haystack Butte behind us and had passed the half-way point on this hike.

IMG_4951 - edit

And what’s that I see? A break in the clouds?! Yes!!!

IMG_4973 - edit For a time the storm clouds above us made way for blue skies and cotton candy clouds. IMG_4975 -edit Having grown accustomed to the dim light under the storm clouds, the sudden sunshine seemed quite bright and seemed to almost glare off the white coats of the mountain goats that we came upon during this brief period of sunshine. IMG_4981 - edit

The view looking back at Mount Reynolds, Mount Oberlin and Mount Cannon continued to be a treat.

IMG_5022 - edit

The pikas continued to play their ventriloquist game and continue to elude my lens. However, I did spy a hoary marmot taking advantage of the break in the storms to sun himself on a rocky sofa. A faster hiker than myself (like Matt, for instance) might have missed him entirely as he was fairly well camouflaged.

IMG_5037 - edit

Matt was on the lookout for bigger critters, too, as we’d been told that there was a griz in the vicinity. We never did see it, though…

The sunshine that we (and the marmot) enjoyed was short lived.  While we remained, for the time, under the sun, to the north of us storm clouds glowered over the peaks.
IMG_5039 - edit

While to the south of us storm clouds rolled in, though Lake McDonald appeared to be still seeing the sun.
IMG_5041 - edit

By this time, looking back, besides affording a great vista, was quite satisfying. The mountains that once seemed so near now seemed quite distant.
IMG_5053 - edit

And, looking ahead, we could see the Granite Park Chalet, though it was still about a mile and a half away.
IMG_5062 - edit

The trail post at the junction with the Grinnell Glacier Overlook Trail marked the last leg — just .8 miles to go.
IMG_5069 - edit

Still more beauty to behold on the way.
IMG_5071 - edit

IMG_5089 - edit

IMG_5105 - edit

As the evening light waned, we reached the chalet.
IMG_5109 - edit

I released my feet from the boots that had become torture chambers and emerged from our cabin room just in time to see the last light of the setting sun kiss the peaks of the mountains.

IMG_5122 - edit - crop comp

Then into the chalet we went to grab a bite to eat, meet our fellow overnighters, and listen to one of our hosts, Clayton, give a brief history of the chalet.
IMG_5129 - edit

While once Granite Park Chalet was a full service destination, it is now a no frills hikers’ hostel. No frills means no electricity, no indoor plumbing (there are sinks but they are no longer plumbed), an outbuilding vault for potty, no insulation, propane lights in the main chalet building but no lights in the sleeping areas. Perfect!

Okay, maybe not quite perfect. The cold resulting from the lack of insulation (as Clayton put it, the indoor temperature is a match to the outdoor temperature — just out of the wind) didn’t bother us overmuch, as we had adequate warm clothing. However, the lack of insulation also meant that we could hear mere whispers from other guests in the same building at night. Ear plugs were available for those who wanted them. However, given the ideal location, the noise at night is no more than a minor inconvenience.

Hike details:

  • distance:  7.6 miles
  • elevation gain:  830 ft. (plus some ups and downs where elevation lost must be regained)
  • beginning elevation:  6,540
  • ending elevation: 7,280 ft.

In my next blog installment I’ll report on our day at the chalet and on our hike out via The Loop Trail.

Yellowstone Aug 22 and 23, 2009

Had a non-typical weekend trip to the Park.

Because we didn’t decide to go until Friday afternoon, I wasn’t packed and got a late start leaving Missoula. Mom and I got to Gardiner where Dad, his sister and her two granddaughters, his aunt and his cousin had arrived earlier in the day. The late night and the large group, including semi-elderly and younguns, resulted in a late start into the Park on Saturday.

We went south via Dunraven (which meant east from Mammoth) taking Blacktail Plateau along the way. I was hopeful the 3 bull moose would be in the neighborhood. No such luck. Furthermore, we missed the black bear that a car behind us spotted and heard about it when they caught up with us when we had stopped for some hawk watching.

Four year old Reannon loves “hot water,” so we spent some time at Mud Volcano. I spent some time with the cracks. :D Five year old Elisha loves bison so she loved seeing them close in the Hayden Valley.

Upon arriving at the Lake Hotel, at which we stopped mostly for the Long Island relatives to see it, we learned that the Christmas in Yellowstone boat parade was that night. So… we decided to watch the parade. That being the case we decided to eat at Lake. My aunt Laura made reservations. Unfortunately, our reservations ended up being for 9:45. Mom and I left the rest of the gang hanging out there and drove to Mary Bay where I know I can pick up cell signal to make plans with Stacy, who was driving from Billings to meet us in Gardiner. As long as we were “in the neighborhood,” we drove up to Lake Butte Overlook before returning to rejoin the rest of the gang.

We had some time before the parade, so we took a drive south as far as West Thumb. There was a six point bull elk there with a small harem. He was exhibiting early rut behavior — he let go with a few weak efforts at a bugle and then treated us to a couple full throated bugles. However, he tolerated the presence of a small bull so not really into full out rut quite yet.

We returned to Lake for the Parade and our VERY late dinner. 9:45 is late enough but I think it was 10:30 when we were finally seated. Got back to Gardiner around 2:30 AM. It’s a long drive that late from Lake to Gardiner. I had to stay alert driving (had to dodge bison and a coyote on the road) so I didn’t get right to sleep when we finally did get to Gardiner. That very late night, as you probably imagine, meant another late start on Sunday.

When we finally got moving on Sunday we again headed south via Dunraven, taking another unproductive shot at Blacktail Plateau along the way. Sunday morning there was a HUGE herd of cow and spike bull elk in Gardiner, resting peacefully but keeping the Rangers busy keeping fools far enough back. We were in three vehicles since Bridger and I would be heading home and the group had one more person with the addition of Stacy. Stacy, Mom and Dad turned back for Gardiner after a picnic at the Dunraven picnic area while the rest of us continued headed for Old Faithful.

Bridger, my cousin, and I stopped at a pull out a bit south of Mud Volcano to watch some bison rut action (a new experience for the Long Island cousin) and got quite the show. 5 bulls interested in the same cow resulted in chases, fights, stampedes of the whole herd, etc. Rather thrilling as they’d stampede around the parked car. :shock:

I was impressed and pleased with how well the Park Service was keeping traffic moving along that stretch that could have been a monumental bison jam. They drove back and forth announcing over a speaker that stopping in driving lanes is not allowed when drivers stopped on the road and telling drivers to use pull outs if they wanted to stop. When we left there and went further south they had personnel on foot waving traffic along or urging them to use pullouts and not allowing a jam to form. With all the additional traffic due to the Madison-Norris section being closed, that was very necessary, well done and much appreciated.

We continued to Old Faithful before Bridger and I left the rest of the gang and headed for the West gate and home. Along the Firehole there were a few small groups of cow elk and along the Madison, near the 7 Mile Bridge, a harem of about 10 with a bull that looked respectable but it was so late and I had a long drive home I kept driving. The rut is getting started!